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$Unique_ID{how01229}
$Pretitle{}
$Title{Federalist Or The New Constitution, The
Number III. The Same Subject Continued}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Hamilton, Alexander;Madison, James;Jay, John}
$Affiliation{}
$Subject{government
national
states
causes
state
nations
respect
war
america
either}
$Date{1787-1788}
$Log{}
Title: Federalist Or The New Constitution, The
Author: Hamilton, Alexander;Madison, James;Jay, John
Date: 1787-1788
Number III. The Same Subject Continued
To the People of the State of New York:
It is not a new observation that the people of any country (if, like the
Americans, intelligent and well-informed) seldom adopt and steadily persevere
for many years in an erroneous opinion respecting their interests. That
consideration naturally tends to create great respect for the high opinion
which the people of America have so long and uniformly entertained of the
importance of their continuing firmly united under one federal government,
vested with sufficient powers for all general and national purposes.
The more attentively I consider and investigate the reasons which appear
to have given birth to this opinion, the more I become convinced that they
are cogent and conclusive.
Among the many objects to which a wise and free people find it necessary
to direct their attention, that of providing for their safety seems to be the
first. The safety of the people doubtless has relation to a great variety of
circumstances and considerations, and consequently affords great latitude to
those who wish to define it precisely and comprehensively.
At present I mean only to consider it as it respects security for the
preservation of peace and tranquillity, as well as against dangers from
foreign arms and influence, as from dangers of the like kind arising from
domestic causes. As the former of these comes first in order, it is proper
it should be the first discussed. Let us therefore proceed to examine
whether the people are not right in their opinion that a cordial Union, under
an efficient national government, affords them the best security that can be
devised against hostilities from abroad.
The number of wars which have happened or will happen in the world will
always be found to be in proportion to the number and weight of the causes,
whether real or pretended, which provoke or invite them. If this remark be
just, it becomes useful to inquire whether so many just causes of war are
likely to be given by United America as by disunited America; for if it
should turn out that United America will probably give the fewest, then it
will follow that in this respect the Union tends most to preserve the people
in a state of peace with other nations.
The just causes of war, for the most part, arise either from violations
of treaties or from direct violence. America has already formed treaties
with no less than six foreign nations, and all of them, except Prussia, are
maritime, and therefore able to annoy and injure us. She has also extensive
commerce with Portugal, Spain, and Britain, and, with respect to the two
latter, has, in addition, the circumstance of neighborhood to attend to.
It is of high importance to the peace of America that she observe the
laws of nations towards all these powers, and to me it appears evident that
this will be more perfectly and punctually done by one national government
than it could be either by thirteen separate States or by three or four
distinct confederacies.
Because when once an efficient national government is established, the
best men in the country will not only consent to serve, but also will
generally be appointed to manage it; for, although town or country, or other
contracted influence, may place men in State assemblies, or senates, or
courts of justice, or executive departments, yet more general and extensive
reputation for talents and other qualifications will be necessary to
recommend men to offices under the national government, - especially as it
will have the widest field for choice, and never experience that want of
proper persons which is not uncommon in some of the States. Hence, it will
result that the administration, the political counsels, and the judicial
decisions of the national government will be more wise, systematical, and
judicious than those of individual States, and consequently more satisfactory
with respect to other nations, as well as more safe with respect to us.
Because, under the national government, treaties and articles of
treaties, as well as the laws of nations, will always be expounded in one
sense and executed in the same manner, - whereas adjudications on the same
points and questions, in thirteen States, or in three or four confederacies,
will not always accord or be consistent; and that, as well from the variety
of independent courts and judges appointed by different and independent
governments, as from the different local laws and interests which may affect
and influence them. The wisdom of the convention, in committing such
questions to the jurisdiction and judgment of courts appointed by and
responsible only to one national government, cannot be too much commended.
Because the prospect of present loss or advantage may often tempt the
governing party in one or two States to swerve from good faith and justice;
but those temptations, not reaching the other States, and consequently having
little or no influence on the national government, the temptation will be
fruitless, and good faith and justice be preserved. The case of the treaty
of peace with Britain adds great weight to this reasoning.
Because, even if the governing party in a State should be
disposed to resist such temptations, yet, as such temptations may, and
commonly do, result from circumstances peculiar to the State, and may affect
a great number of the inhabitants, the governing party may not always be
able, if willing, to prevent the injustice meditated, or to punish the
aggressors. But the national government, not being affected by those local
circumstances, will neither be induced to commit the wrong themselves, nor
want power or inclination to prevent or punish its commission by others.
So far, therefore, as either designed or accidental violations of
treaties and the laws of nations afford just causes of war, they are less to
be apprehended under one general government than under several lesser ones,
and in that respect the former most favors the safety of the people.
As to those just causes of war which proceed from direct and unlawful
violence, it appears equally clear to me that one good national government
affords vastly more security against dangers of that sort than can be derived
from any other quarter.
Because such violences are more frequently caused by the passions and
interests of a part than of the whole; of one or two States than of the
Union. Not a single Indian war has yet been occasioned by aggressions of the
present federal government, feeble as it is; but there are several instances
of Indian hostilities having been provoked by the improper conduct of
individual States, who, either unable or unwilling to restrain or punish
offences, have given occasion to the slaughter of many innocent inhabitants.
The neighborhood of Spanish and British territories, bordering on some
States and not on others, naturally confines the causes of quarrel more
immediately to the borderers. The bordering States, if any, will be those
who, under the impulse of sudden irritation, and a quick sense of apparent
interest or injury, will be most likely, by direct violence, to excite war
with these nations; and nothing can so effectually obviate that danger as a
national government, whose wisdom and prudence will not be diminished by the
passions which actuate the parties immediately interested.
But not only fewer just causes of war will be given by the national
government, but it will also be more in their power to accommodate and settle
them amicably. They will be more temperate and cool, and in that respect, as
well as in others, will be more in capacity to act advisedly than the
offending State. The pride of states, as well as of men, naturally disposes
them to justify all their actions, and opposes their acknowledging,
correcting, or repairing their errors and offences. The national government,
in such cases, will not be affected by this pride, but will proceed with
moderation and candor to consider and decide on the means most proper to
extricate them from the difficulties which threaten them.
Besides, it is well known that acknowledgments, explanations, and
compensations are often accepted as satisfactory from a strong united nation,
which would be rejected as unsatisfactory if offered by a State or
confederacy of little consideration or power.
In the year 1685, the state of Genoa having offended Louis XIV.,
endeavored to appease him. He demanded that they should send their Doge, or
chief magistrate, accompanied by four of their senators, to France, to ask
his pardon and receive his terms. They were obliged to submit to it for the
sake of peace. Would he on any occasion either have demanded or have
received the like humiliation from Spain, or Britain, or any other powerful
nation?
Publius